Intel's Haswell Architecture Analyzed: Building a New PC and a New Intel
by Anand Lal Shimpi on October 5, 2012 2:45 AM ESTPrioritizing ILP
Intel has held the single threaded performance crown for years now, but the why is really quite easy to understand: it has prioritized extracting instruction level parallelism with every generation. Couple that with the fact that every two years we see a "new" microprocessor architecture from Intel and there's a recipe for some good old evolutionary gains. The table below shows the increase in size of some major data structures inside Intel's architectures for every tock since Conroe:
| Intel Core Architecture Buffer Sizes | ||||||
| Conroe | Nehalem | Sandy Bridge | Haswell | |||
| Out-of-order Window | 96 | 128 | 168 | 192 | ||
| In-flight Loads | 32 | 48 | 64 | 72 | ||
| In-flight Stores | 20 | 32 | 36 | 42 | ||
| Scheduler Entries | 32 | 36 | 54 | 60 | ||
| Integer Register File | N/A | N/A | 160 | 168 | ||
| FP Register File | N/A | N/A | 144 | 168 | ||
| Allocation Queue | ? | 28/thread | 28/thread | 56 | ||
Increasing the OoO window allows the execution units to extract more parallelism and thus improve single threaded performance. Each generation Intel is simply dedicating additional transistors to increasing these structures and thus better feeding the beast.
This isn't rocket science, but it is enabled by Intel's clockwork fab execution. Designers can count on another 30% die area to work with every 2 years, so every 2 years they increase the size of these structures without worrying about ballooning the die. The beauty of evolutionary improvements like this is that when viewed over the long term they look downright revolutionary. Comparing Haswell to Conroe, the OoO scheduling window has grown by a factor of 2x, despite generation to generation gains of only 14 - 33%.
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A5 - Friday, October 5, 2012 - link
8 years is a loooooong time in this space, and yes you (and most people here) are in the minority.Notebooks have been outselling desktops for several years, and in 2011 smartphone shipments were higher than all PC form-factors combined. It's pretty clear where the big bucks are going, and it isn't desktop PCs.
flamethrower - Friday, October 5, 2012 - link
In 8 years you'll have 50-inch OLED TVs on your walls. What's going to drive them? Possibly a computer integrated into them.Peanutsrevenge - Friday, October 5, 2012 - link
We'll just be using large screens, keyboards and mice wireless connected to our ultra portable devices.The desktop will likely still exist for people like us who frequent this site, however it's role will be far more specialised, possibly more as our personal cloud servers than our PCs.
yankeeDDL - Friday, October 5, 2012 - link
Wow. Thanks for the excellent article: I really enjoyed it.The thought of having a processor of the power level of Ivy bridge in my mobile phone blows my mind.
Honestly though, I really can't see how the volume of CPUs for desktop PCs and servers is going to drop so dramatically, that Intel will need the volume generated by mobile, to "survive".
Yes, of course more volume will help, but 8 years from now, even if the mobiles will have such kind of computational power, I would imagine that a Desktop would have 10~20x that performance, as it is today.
It's true that today's CPUs are typically more powerful than the average user ever needs, but raise the hand who wouldn't trade his CPU for one 10x faster (in the same power envelope) ...
That said, 10W still seems like a lot to fit in a mobile: who knows the power consumption of high-end mobile CPUs today? (quad-core Krait CPU, for example, or even Tegra3)
dagamer34 - Friday, October 5, 2012 - link
Intel's real problem is that the power needed for "good enough" computing in a typical desktop CPU came a couple of years ago Nd is rapidly approaching in mobile. With more and more tasks being offloaded to the cloud, battery life is becoming a stronger and stronger focus.What's sad is that because AMD isn't the major player it once was, Intel has allowed it's eye off the ball, revving Atom with only minor tweaks and having a laissez faire approach to GPU performance. It's only been recently when mobile has started to dominate in the minds of consumers and Intel's lack of any major design wins (the RAZR I doesn't count) which has forced Intel to push as hard as it is now.
sp3x0ps - Friday, October 5, 2012 - link
Where is the iPhone 5 review? I need details!! arghh.Demon-Xanth - Friday, October 5, 2012 - link
Atom was targeted to UMPCs, but quickly took over low power embedded systems who don't need much power but do run Windows.tipoo - Friday, October 5, 2012 - link
Poor Via.dgingeri - Friday, October 5, 2012 - link
"Within 8 years many expect all mainstream computing to move to smartphones, or whatever other ultra portable form factor computing device we're carrying around at that point."They said the same thing about laptops. Sure, laptops hold about 60-65% of the market these days, but the desktop is still very much around, and is the preferred platform for PC gamers and HTPC applications. They're far more flexible than any mobile form factor.
Smartphones also have the severe disadvantage of a very small screen. Even the largest are too small for most people to deal with. On top of that, actually surfing the net on those tiny screens is an exercise in frustration for many people. I try to tap on a link, only to get the link next to it, or above it, or below it, or possibly having my stupid phone just select the text instead of following the link.
Smartphones have their niche. There's no doubt there, but they are not going to be anyone's mainstream device unless they have needle thin fingers and 20/10 vision.
Anand Lal Shimpi - Friday, October 5, 2012 - link
I agree with the notebook/desktop comparison - these form factors won't go away. I should have said the majority of mainstream client computing goes to smartphones. And solving the display and input problems is easy: wireless display (WiDi/Miracast) and wireless keyboard/mouse (or a dock that does both over wires if you'd rather that).Take care,
Anand